What is B-cell Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma?

Lymphoma refers to malignant tumors originating from lymph nodes and lymphoid tissues, characterized by complex pathological subtypes and high heterogeneity. Based on pathological features, it is mainly divided into two categories: Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL) and Hodgkin Lymphoma (HL). NHL accounts for more than 90% of cases and represents a highly heterogeneous group of diseases. B-cell Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (B-NHL) is a subtype of NHL derived from B lymphocytes. It is the most common subtype of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, accounting for approximately 85%–90% of all NHL cases. B-NHL encompasses multiple pathological subtypes, including Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma (DLBCL), Follicular Lymphoma (FL), Mantle Cell Lymphoma (MCL), among others.

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Epidemiology:

Lymphoma is one of the common hematologic malignancies worldwide. In China, the incidence of non-Hodgkin lymphoma is on the rise, and B-NHL constitutes the vast majority of these cases. Around 56,000 new NHL cases were diagnosed in China in 2024, ranking 14th among all new malignant tumor diagnoses, including roughly 33,000 male cases and 23,000 female cases.

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Common Symptoms:

• Painless enlarged lymph nodes
• Persistent fatigue
• Unexplained weight loss
• Night sweats
• Recurrent fever

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Diagnosis and Treatment:

Diagnosis generally requires a combination of pathological biopsy, immunohistochemistry, molecular testing and other examinations. Treatment regimens are customized according to pathological subtype, disease stage and individual patient conditions, and may include chemotherapy, immunotherapy, targeted therapy, CAR-T cell therapy and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

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Current Treatment Challenges:

Many patients still experience relapse or refractory disease after first-line treatment. New therapeutic options are urgently needed for patients.

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What is Multiple Myeloma?

Multiple Myeloma (MM) is a hematologic malignancy driven by clonal abnormal proliferation of plasma cells. Abnormally proliferating plasma cells accumulate massively in the bone marrow and secrete monoclonal immunoglobulins, leading to a series of clinical manifestations such as bone destruction, anemia, renal impairment and compromised immune function.

Epidemiology: Multiple myeloma is the second most common hematologic malignancy, accounting for approximately 10%–15% of all blood cancers. There are roughly 170,000 new cases worldwide each year and 20,000–30,000 new cases annually in China, with a median age at diagnosis of around 60 years old.

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Epidemiology:

Multiple myeloma is the second most common hematologic malignancy, accounting for approximately 10%–15% of all blood cancers. There are roughly 170,000 new cases worldwide each year and 20,000–30,000 new cases annually in China, with a median age at diagnosis of around 60 years old.

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Common Symptoms:

• Bone pain or pathological fractures
• Anemia and fatigue
• Recurrent infections
• Renal dysfunction
• Hypercalcemia

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The CRAB Criteria:

Diagnosis often references the CRAB criteria: Hypercalcemia (C), Renal impairment (R), Anemia (A), Bone disease (B).

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Diagnosis and Treatment:

Multi-dimensional evaluation including bone marrow aspiration, serum protein electrophoresis and imaging examinations is required. Treatments include proteasome inhibitors, immunomodulatory drugs, monoclonal antibodies, CAR-T cell therapy and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

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Current Treatment Challenges:

Although remarkable progress has been achieved in MM treatment, relapse remains a major hurdle for most patients. With each relapse, the duration of disease response gradually shortens. Novel therapeutic strategies are in urgent need of exploration.

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What are autoimmune diseases?

Autoimmune diseases are chronic conditions caused by abnormal immune responses, where the immune system mistakenly attacks the body's own tissues and organs. There are more than 80 types of autoimmune diseases affecting hundreds of millions of people globally.

Autoimmune diseases cover a broad spectrum of disorders, including Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE), Multiple Sclerosis (MS), Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA), Ankylosing Spondylitis (AS), Systemic Sclerosis (SSc), various forms of glomerulonephritis and nephropathy. The triggers of autoimmune diseases remain unclear, and clinical manifestations vary by disease type and affected organs. Eligibility criteria for clinical studies differ across research centers, and relevant pipeline programs in these subfields are still under development.

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